By 888, they had gained control of the central Georgian land, Kartli, and restored the Iberian kingship. They established the Kouropalatate of Iberia as a nominal vassal of the Byzantine Empire. Iberian princes from the Bagrationi dynasty fought against the Arab occupation and came to rule the Tao-Klarjeti region.
The area then fell under the control of the early Muslim conquests of the 7th century. Main articles: Arab rule in Georgia and Bagratid IberiaĮarly Georgian kingdoms were reduced to feudal regions over the course of the Roman–Persian wars. Renewed incursions by Timur from 1386, and the later invasions by the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu led to the final collapse of the kingdom into anarchy by 1466 and the mutual recognition of its constituent kingdoms of Kartli, Kakheti and Imereti as independent states between 14 – each led by a rival branch of the Bagrationi dynasty, and into five semi-independent principalities – Odishi, Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, and Samtskhe. As a result of these processes, by the end of the 15th century Georgia turned into a fractured entity. The Kingdom's geopolitical situation further worsened after the fall of the Byzantine and then Empire of Trebizond. The following decades were marked by the Black Death, as well as numerous invasions under the leadership of Timur, who devastated the country's economy, population, and urban centers. Lasting for several centuries, the kingdom fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, but managed to re-assert sovereignty by the 1340s. It was the principal historical precursor of present-day Georgia.
Georgia became one of the pre-eminent nations of the Christian East and its pan- Caucasian empire and network of tributaries stretching from Eastern Europe to Anatolia and northern frontiers of Iran, while also maintaining religious possessions abroad, such as the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem and the Monastery of Iviron in Greece. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar the Great from 11th to 13th centuries. The Kingdom of Georgia ( Georgian: საქართველოს სამეფო, romanized: sakartvelos samepo), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that started circa 1008 AD.
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